ED CONRAD PROVEN 100% RIGHT -- Man as Old as Coal -- Evolution Downfor the Count -- Pseudoscientists

<

====================================

====================================

<

Please excuse momentary interruption. -- Ed Conrad

<

> MAN AS OLD AS COAL

> (Lots of Other Creatures, Too)

<

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/OldestHumanSkull.JPG

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/z11calv.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/skullb.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/FirstDiscovery.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/HumanBrain.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/OldestTool.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/TestResults.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/PetrifiedPP.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/MoreFossils.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/Scorpion.jpg

<

===================================

===================================

<

An evaluation on a "Carboniferous human calvarium fossil"

<

The following was posted by Lin Liangtai of Taipei, Taiwan, the only

scientist in the Milky Way Galaxy who has examined and HONESTLY

tested

the petrified bones, etc.-- SOME HUMAN -- discovered by Ed Conrad in

the anthracite region of Pennsylvania over the past 27 years.

<

=================================

=================================

<

An updated evaluation on a "Carboniferous human calvarium fossil"

<

Last updated: Feb. 23, 2008 (fourth edition)

<

By LIN LIANGTAI

<

Summary

<

The author has examined through microscopes more than 20 thin

sections

cut from "rocks" that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent to the author

(Fig. 1).

<

Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the

subject "calvarium fossil" (Fig. 2).

<

The object is a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil for the

following

reasons:

<

(1) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals, osteons, red

blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens and thin

sections ;

<

(2) it contains remains of pyramidal neuron, neuronal soma and

dendrites;

<

(3) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches its inner/

outer shape and size;

<

(4) Its inner cavity has a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.;

<

(5) It was found between coal veins near Mahanoy (City),

Pennsylvania,

where geological structure has been dated to be around 300 million

years old.

<

Some of the fossil's blood vessels have turned into coal, suggesting

it once existed in a coal region.

<

Even if it had not come from the Carboniferous age, the fact that it

is fossilized and coalified would have still made it the oldest human

skull cap ever found in the world.

<

In addition to the subject fossil, there are at least four other

pieces of evidence for human civilization in the Carboniferous age.

<

Mankind needs no more than 8,000 years to develop from a low-

technology society to a high-technology society.

<

Introduction

<

A "calvarium fossil" (Fig. 3), discovered and owned by Mr. Ed Conrad

of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., has been considered for over 25

years to be just a rock, while its owner keeps maintaining that it is

a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil.

<

This article attempts to evaluate the object by answering the

following questions in this article's Discussion section:

<

1. Is it a fossil?

<

2. Is it a calvarium fossil?

<

3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?

<

4 Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?

<

5. Are there evidences for human civilization in the Carboniferous

age?

<

6.Was there high-technology civilization in the Carboniferous age?

<

7. Further discussion/Attempts to disprove myself

<

7-1 Couldn't it be a rock?

<

7-2 Couldn't it be something other than a calvarium?

<

7-3 Couldn't it be a non-human calvarium?

<

7-4 Couldn't it be later than the Carboniferous age?

<

===========================

<

A calvarium is a skull without the lower jaw/the facial parts,

whereas

a cranium refers to skull bones that enclose the brain (Ref. 1). A

calvarium could contain degraded brain remains.

<

Material and methods

<

Material A:

On the author's request, the owner of the "fossil" cut a small

specimen from the object, took pictures of the spot where the

specimen

was cut, and sent the specimen to the author by post.

<

The specimen arrived in the following conditions:

<

1. A chunk of "fossil" about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and 0.5 cm

thick.

<

2. Three small fragments that crumbled out of the above chunk

when

the author took up the chunk to look at it for the first time. The

three fragments measure about 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.2 cm each.

<

3. Dozens of small grains, each measuring less than 0.2 cm in any

dimension.

<

Above three kinds of specimens were taken to the geology department

of

National Taiwan University. They were made into three thin sections

(Thin Section 1, 2 and 3 respectively) in the following methods,

which

involved no artificial staining of colors:

<

1. Thin section 1 (Fig. 4): Specimen 1 was cut for transverse and

longitudinal sections, which were then ground and mounted onto a

glass

slide, namely thin section 1. One third of Specimen 1 was left from

the process of making the thin section (Fig. 5, Specimen 1 remnant).

<

2. Thin section 2 (Fig. 6): Fragments of Specimen 2 were cut, ground

and mounted onto a glass slide.

<

3. Thin section 3 (Fig. 7) : Small grains of Specimen 3 were placed

in

a mold, glued firmly together, ground to a thickness of about 0.03

mm,

and then mounted onto a glass slide, namely thin section 3. This thin

section was not totally covered with glass, but was coated with a

thin

layer of wax on its top side.

<

Specimens 1, 2, 3, and thin sections 1, 2, 3 were viewed through a

stereo-microscope, a digital microscope (ref. 11), and a reflected-

light microscope. The remnant from specimen 1 and thin section 3 were

also scanned by a scanning electronic mircoscope (Hitachi model

S-3400N).

<

The scanning electronic microscope also analysed the remnant's

chemical composition in a tiny spot (Fig. 8, EDS report). Besides the

digital microscope, a camera (Canon model EOS 350D) was used to

capture images from the stereo-microscope and the reflected-light

microscope.

<

Material B: the "calvarium fossil"

<

The author asked the owner of the "fossil" to measure the object and

got the following data:

<

Outer dimensions of the object: 22.8 cm (maximum length) by 17.8 cm

(maximum width) by 13.3 cm (maximum height)

<

The owner advised the author that on the top side of the

object,

there seems to be a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substance. To be on

the safe side, the author subtracts twice that thickness--6mm x 2--

from

the above outer length , outer width, and subtracts 6 mm from its

exterior maximum height. Hence, the following figures are obtained

and

used for calculating its cranial capacity:

<

Outer dimensions: 21.6 cm (Length) by 16.6 cm (Width) by 12.7 cm

(Height)

<

Inner cavity dimensions: 15.9 cm (maximum length) by 10.8 cm (maximum

width) by 11.4 cm (maximum depth/height), as measured by its owner.

<

Based on the above data, the author calculated the cranial capacity

of

the object as follows:

<

1. Lee Pearson Formula, given by Williams et al (1995) and

Manjunath (2002b) (ref. 2).

<

For males: 0.000337 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 406.01

<

This formula uses outer dimensions, and those dimensions are

expressed

in millimeters in this formula. So, the following calculation is

done:

<

0.000337 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 406.01=1,648 cc

<

For females:

<

0.0004 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 206.60

<

Hence, the following calculation is done:

<

0.0004 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 206.60 =1,681 cc

<

Mean cranial capacity: (1648+1681) divided by 2 makes 1,665 cc.

<

As the gender of the "cranium" is unknown, only the mean figure is

considered here for convenience.

<

2. Spheroid Formula, given by Manjunath (2002b, ref. 3)

<

0.5238 x length x width x height(depth)= cranial capacity

<

Above length, width, and depth are measurements of the cranial cavity

and expressed in centimeter.

<

Hence the calculation 0.5238x15.9x10.8x11.4=1,025 cc.

<

=======================

<

Results

<

A. The EDS report (Fig. 8, Energy Disperse Spectrum report), done by

the scanning electronic microscope, reveals that the object consists

of oxygen (46% by atom number), carbon (30%), silica (14%), and small

quantities of Fe, Na, Mg, and Al.

B. SEM images of Specimen 1 remnant and thin section 3 reveals

numerous remains of bone cells (osteocytes, Fig. 1-0), blood vessels

and red blood cells ( Fig. 9-1, Fig. 9-2, Fig. 9-3, Fig. 9-4, Fig.

9-5, Fig. 9-6, Fig. 9-7, Fig. 9-8).

<

C. Various images of the micro-structures of the object also show (1)

branching blood vessel remains (Fig. 1-0-0), Haversian canals and

osteons (Fig. 1-1, Fig. 1-2, Fig. 1-3, Fig. 1-4, Fig. 1-5); (2)

degraded remains of pyramidal brain cell (neuron) , neuron soma and

dendrites (Fig. 10-1, Fig. 10-2, Fig. 10-3); (3) blood vessel's

transverse section remains (Fig. 11-1, Fig. 11-2, Fig. 11-3, Fig.

11-4, Fig. 11-5); (4) various fossilized tissues (Fig. 12-1 to Fig.

12-6).

<

D. Specimen 1 is found to have at least three black areas. One such

black area shows brilliant black vitreous luster under naked eyes and

microscopes (Fig. 5). SEM and light microscopic pictures reveal that

the shiny black area contains carbonized blood vessels and

erythrocytes (figures 9-4 to 9-8).

<

E. The estimated cranial capacity of the "calvarium" ranges from

1,025

cc to 1,665 cc as calculated in the preceding paragraph.

<

Discussion:

<

1. Is it a fossil?

<

Yes. No rocks or plants contain all at once the remains of bone

cells,

red blood cells, brain cells, Haversian canals, osteons and blood

vessels mentioned in Results B and C above. They are found in

randomly-

chosen, freshly-cut thin sections, not from re-worked/contaminated

tissues. Their colors are not artificially stained.

<

2. Is it a calvarium fossil?

<

Yes, because it contains bone and brain cell remains as mentioned in

Results B and C. Those remains point to a calvarium fossil that once

contained brain cells. No other animal organs or body parts have

inner/

outer sizes and shapes similar to this fossil's shapes and sizes

(Fig.

3).

<

3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?

<

Yes. Its cranial capacity of at least 1,025 cc is surpassed only by

cetaceans, walrus, elephants, and/or dinosaurs (ref. 4).

<

However, those four kinds of animal have no crania/organs that match

the subject fossil in cranial shape and size.

<

As each order of animal has a different shaped skull (ref. 5), the

subject calvarium fossil can be identified as a human calvarium

fossil

by forensic experts on human skulls.

<

One such expert is Mr. Wilton Krogman. He has physically examined the

calvarium fossil. His broad smile in the photo (Fig. 3) says that he

confirmed it was a human calvarium fossil.

<

The calvarium fossil matches humans' cranial size, cranial capacity

and cranial shape in the following ways:

<

3-1 Cranial size (outer dimensions):

<

Neanderthal: 24.1cm (length) x 14.6 cm (width) x 17.8 cm

(height) (ref. 6)

<

Subject fossil: 21.6 cm (length) x 16.6 cm (width) x 12.7 cm

(height)

<

3-2 Cranial capacity:

<

Neanderthal: 1,750 cc (ref. 7)

<

Modern Human: 1,350-1,400 cc (ref. 8)

<

Java man: 940 cc (Homo Erectus, Trinil 2,

Pithecanthropus I, ref. 9)

<

Subject fossil: at least 1,025 cc (by Spheroid Formula)

<

By the Lee Pearson Formula, the subject fossil has a

cranial capacity of 1,665 cc. The vast difference

between 1,665 cc and 1,025 cc may be due to the

following factors:

A. The Lee Pearson Formula uses the object's outer dimensions, while

the Spheroid Formula uses its inner dimensions. In this case, the

object's inner width is only 60% of its outer width, possibly because

the fossil retains brain remains on a side of the inner cavity (See

the bottom view of the fossil in Fig. 3). As a result, the Lee

Pearson

Formula produces the result of 1,665 c.c. while the Spheroid Formula

produces the result of only 1,025 c.c;

<

B. The calvarium was broken in the facial part;

<

C. It has thick skull bones;

<

D. It could possibly have a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substances

on its exterior;

<

3-3 Cranial shape:

<

Human: well-rounded cranium (ref. 10)

<

Java man: flat, very thick cranium (Homo

Erectus, Trinil 2, Pithecanthropus I) (Fig. 3-1 & ref. 9)

<

Subject fossil: More rounded than the above Java man (Fig.

3

vs. Fig. 3-1)

<

The above analysis shows the subject fossil matches human skull

caps in cranial size, capacity, and shape.

<

4. Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?

<

My judgment says yes. For over 27 years, its owner has attested many

times that all his fossils were found between coal veins near

Shenandoah/ Mahanoy, Pennsylvania.

<

That is in the anthracite region, the only one in the U.S. proper.

It's in a most-studied geological area of the Carboniferous age. That

is to say animal fossils found there should have lived there in the

Carboniferous age.

<

The owner's attestation is mirrored in Specimen 1 remnant. Under

naked

eyes and transmitted-light microscopes, the specimen looks black and

shiny in some areas (Fig. 5).

<

Under SEM and a digital microscope (ref. 11), the shiny black area of

Specimen 1 revealed its blood vessels that have carbonized into coal

(Fig. 9-5).

<

The shiny black color is a sign of vitrain--a thin, bright,

horizontal

band in bituminous coal that usually breaks with a conchoidal

fracture. The fossil's black and shiny look suggests its origin in a

coal region.

<

Its owner has two other fossils that are also coalified. One such

fossil is a coalified aze handle (Fig. 14).

<

Another is a fossilized small toe complete with skin tissue, finger

nail, ligaments, and the middle phalanx (Fig. 15-1, Fig. 15-2, Fig.

15-3, Fig. 15-4, Fig. 15-5). The toe shows signs of carbonization on

the toe tip's bottom side

<

(Fig. 16).Before Mr. Conrad found the subject calvarium fossil, he

had

discovered many "fossils" at the same place. Why would he discover it

anywhere else when many more of such "fossils" are still exposed out

there, outcropping from the big boulders in the region (Fig. 17-1,

Fig. 17-2) ?

<

Mr. Conrad's fossils include unimaginable fossilized organs such as

human liver, human finger, human long bone, mammalian limbs, etc.

(Fig. 18-1, Fig. 15-1, Fig. 18-2, Fig. 18-3, Fig. 18-4, Fig. 18-5).

<

This brings up many questions to current theories about human

origins. If we avoid them, we are only fooling ourselves. If we face

them, they will bring us new horizon and new direction for human

civilization.

<

5. Are there evidences for human civilization in the

Carboniferous

age?

<

Certainly. They are all shown in my albums (Fig. 1).

<

The evidences for human civilization include:

<

(1) a coalified ax handle as well made as those sold on e-bay ( Fig.

1);

<

(2) A manicured fingernail on a primate finger (Fig. 15-1);

<

(3) A bone and a limb cut flatly across soft flesh and hard bone, as

if with a sharp knife (Fig. 19-1, Fig. 19-2, Fig. 19-3);

<

(4) Dinosaur bones preserved by formaldehyde-like chemicals in the

Cretaceous age.

<

Dr. Mary H. Schweitzer reported, in an article by Mr. PZ Myers, that

she smelled of the odor of the chemical when she was cutting T-Rex

dinosaur bones in preparation for bio-chemical tests.

<

(5) Separate, individual preservation of soft organs down to the

microscopic level for 300 million years.

<

Soft organs or tissues such as brains, human liver, finger and toe,

limbs, etc. (Fig. 2-1, Fig. 18-1, Fig. 15-1) were all individually

and

separately preserved in a manner comparable to today's embalming or

plastination technique.

<

6. Was there high-tech civilization in the Carboniferous age?

<

Certainly. Modern humans took no more than eight thousand years to

develop from low-tech society to high-tech society. I have written

about my source and similar subjects in the talk. origins newsgroup.

<

7. Further Discussion/Attempts to disprove myself

<

7-1

<

Couldn't it be a rock?

<

Besides my pictures, there are pictures by Mr. Andrew MacRae, Mr. PZ

Myers and Mr. Ed Conrad (owner of the subject fossil) on the

internet.

Their pictures "also" show Haversian canals and osteons, which are

distinguishing features of fossil bone micro-structures (Fig. 20-4,

Fig. 20-5, Fig. 20-6).

<

Few rocks have a shape and size that fully matches human skull

interior and exterior. To put it simply, there has never been a rock

that resembles a human skull cap from the organ level (showing

cranial

cavity), through the tissue level (showing Haversian canals, osteons,

branching blood vessels), down to the cell level (showing remains of

bone cells, red blood cells and brain cells).

<

More than twenty of Mr. Conrad's "rocks" (Fig. 1) contain remains of

red blood cells.

<

Making no exception, the subject fossil contains all the above-

mentioned features in natural condition/position. Most of them are

found where they should be.

<

I have cut more than 20 thin sections from the "rocks" and taken more

than one thousand microscopic pictures of the twenty fossils the

owner

has sent me.

<

Most of the jagged minerals found in the fossils are found trapped in

degraded organic tissues such as blood vessels.

<

These degraded blood vessels could not have gone into rocks/minerals,

begun the fossilization process there and still remained jointed in

natural posture.

<

The minerals were not found in a continuous formation, but the

organic

tissues/organs were found in a continuous formation, retaining their

original outer shapes (of finger, calvarium, handle, liver, etc.) and

cell structures.

<

Plant fossils are characterized by regular radial wood structures

(year rings, rays, tracheids, etc.) in their transverse sections.

Animal fossils are very complex in transverse section.

<

The subject fossil shows complexity and its cell remains are too

large

to be fungi or bacteria. There is simply not a rock that contains

numerous look-alikes of osteocytes, osteons, Haversian canals, red

blood cells, blood vessels, brain cell dendrites and match the human

skull caps in size and shape, all at the same time.

<

7-2

<

Couldn't it be something other than a calvarium?

<

The subject fossil has a deep, wide inner cavity that roughly

matches the fossil's outer shape and size. Its large size and

distinct

shape cannot be found in any organs or body parts other than skulls.

<

It contains degraded pyramidal brain cells, which are not found in

any

organ except in brains. Only skulls contain brain cells.

<

The degraded parts of brain cells could only have come from a skull.

It is unlikely for many bone cells, brain cells, and blood vessels to

leave a skull, get into another skull, and get preserved there in

continuous formation.

<

7-3

<

Couldn't it be a non-human calvarium?

<

All crania have different, distinctive shapes among different orders

of animal (ref. 5). The author has compared the fossil with various

animal skulls and found only human skulls matched the fossil.

<

The No. 1 distinction of human skulls lies in their large cranial

capacity. No other animal has a skull that remotely matches human

skulls in their cranial capacity, shape and size.

<

7-4

<

Couldn't it be later than the Carboniferous age?

<

I cannot believe that Mr. Conrad found his fossils in a foreign

country or even in another state when hundreds of such fossils had

been found there and many more were still outcropping there.

<

Why would he lie about their place of origin when he cared most about

the "rocks'" being recognized as fossils?

<

When his rocks have been demonstrated to be fossils, that means he

was right all along, including the fossils' place of origin.

Even if it were not from the Carboniferous age, it would still be the

oldest human skull cap in the world, as its blood vessels in the

brain

have carbonized into shiny bituminous coal/anthracite (Fig. 5).

<

Bituminous coal found east of the Rocky Mountain in the U.S.A. is at

least ten million years old. No other human skull cap has ever been

found to be so old in the whole world.

<

Conclusion:

<

The author has examined through microscopes more than 20 thin

sections

cut from "rocks" that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent to the author

(Fig. 1).

<

Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the

subject "calvarium fossil" (Fig. 2).

<

The object is a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil for the

following

reasons: (1) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals,

osteons, red blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens

and thin sections ; (2) it contains remains of pyramidal neuron,

neuronal soma and dendrites; (3) No other animal has an organ or body

part that matches its inner/outer shape and size; (4) Its inner

cavity

has a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.; (5) It was found between coal

veins near Mahanoy, Pennsylvania, where geological structure has been

dated to be around 300 million years old.

<

Some of the fossil's blood vessels have turned into coal, suggesting

it once existed in a coal region. Even if it had not come from the

Carboniferous age, the fact that it is fossilized and coalified would

have still made it the oldest human skull cap ever found in the

world.

<

In addition to the subject fossil, there are at least four other

pieces of evidence for human civilization in the Carboniferous age.

Mankind needs no more than 8,000 years to develop from a low-

technology society to a high-technology society.

<

References:

<

Ref. 1: Wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull

<

Ref. 2: "Estimation of Cranial Volume in Dissecting Room Cadavers" by

K.Y. Manjunath, J. Anat. Soc. India 51(2) pp.168-172 (2002)

<

Ref. 3: Same as ref. 2.

<

Ref. 4: Brain Facts and Figures in an article at URL:

<

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html

<

Ref. 5: On-line article at URL: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/bex/31..pdf

<

(Page 4 of a teaching plan for grade three of primary

schools)

<

Ref. 6: On-line material at URL: http://www.boneclones.com/BH-019.htm

<

Ref. 7: Neanderthal physical traits in a Wikipedia article at URL:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal (See anatomy section)

<

Ref. 8: Same as ref. 4.

<

Ref. 9: On-line article at URL: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/java.html

<

Ref. 10: Same as ref. 9.

<

Ref. 11: Digital microscope--Dino-Lite AM-313T5 made by AnMo

Electronics Corp. http://www.anmo.com.tw/

<

====================================

<

WORLDWIDE NEWS AGENCIES

Associated Press AP

African Eye News Service

Agence France Presse

APTN

Bloomberg

Cable News Network

EFE News

Indo Asian News Service

Iran Press Service

Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA)

Iraq Press

IRIN News

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA)

Inter Press Service

Itar-Tass -- Russia

Latin American Press

Middle East News Agency

Pravda -- Russian News and Analysis

Prima News Agency

Reuters

Television News Archive

United Nations News Wire Service

United Press International UPI

Xinhua News Agency -- China

==========

Agence France Press, AFP

Agencia EFE, EFE

Agencia Estado

Agencia Lusa

Agency Telegraphique Belge De Press, AGNECE BELGA

Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata, ANSA

Agenzia Giornalistica Italia, AGI

Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau, ANP

Albanian Telegraphic Agency, ATA

Alternativna Informativna Mreza, AIM

Anadolu News Agency

Armanian News Agency, NOYAN TAPAN

ArmenPress

Asbar News Agency

Associated Press, AP

Athens News Agency, APE

ATH news agency - Kharkov, Ukraine

Atlantic News Service

Austria Press-Agentur, APA

Australian Associated Press, AAP

Baltic News Service, BNS

Bolivia Web - News from the ERBOL News Agency

Bulgarian Telegraph Agency, BTA

Canadian Press, CP

Central News Agency, CNA

Ceskolovenska Tiskova Kancelat, CTK

China News Service

COMPASS Media, Inc.

Cubapress

Cyprus News Agency, CNA

Deutsche Presse - Agentur Gmbh , DPA

ELTA - Lithuanian news agency

Eesti Teadete Agentur, ETA

H.K China News Agency

Hrvatska Izvjestajna Novinska Agencija, HINA

Indonesian National News Agency, ANTARA

Interfax News Agency

Islamic Republic News Agency, IRNA

Jiji Press (Jiji Tsushin-Sha)

Korean Central News Agency, KCNA

Kyodo News Service

LETA News Agency

MIA - Macedonian Information Agency

Makfax - Macedonian News Agency

Reality Macedonia

Magyar Tavirati Iroda, MTI

Malaysian National News Agency - BERNAMA

Mediafax - Romanian News Agency

Mercopress News Agency

Montsame News Agency, SABA

New Zealand Press Association, NEPA

Official Jordania News Agency, PETRA

Oman News Agency

Pakistan Press International, PPI

Panafrican News Agency

Polska Agencja Prasowa, PAP

Prensa Latina

Press association

Prime-TASS Economic News Agency

Reuters

Russian Information Agency, Ria "Novosti"

Schweizerische Depeschen Agentur, SDA

Serbian Press Agency, SRNA

Slovene Press Agency, STA

SNARK News Agency

Suomen Tietotoimisto

Tanjug News Agency

Telegrafnoye Agnetstvo Sovietskogo Snyuza, TASS

Tidningranas Talegrambyra, TT

Tlacova agentura Slovenskej republiky, TASR

Vietnam News Agency

Yemen News Agency, SABA

Yonhap News Agency

Xinhua News Agency

<

> WORLD'S LARGEST NEWSPAPERS

Rank Country Circulation

1. Yomiuri Shimbun (Japan) 14,532,694

2. Asahi Shimbun (Japan) 12,601,375

3. Sichuan Ribao (China) 8,000,000

4. Mainichi Shimbun (Japan) 5,845,857

5. Bild (Germany) 5,674,400

6. Chunichi Shimbun (Japan) 4,323,144

7. Sun (England) 3,718,354

8. Renmin Ribao (China) 3,000,000

9. Sankei Shimbun (Japan) 2,890,835

10. Nihon Keizai Shimbun Japan 2,705,877

11. Gongren Ribao (China) 2,500,000

12. Daily Mail (England) 2,387,867

13. Daily Mirror (England) 2,339,001

14. Chosun Ilbo (South Korea) 2,225,000

15. Dong-A Ilbo (South Korea) 2,150,000

16. Hokkaido Shimbun (Japan) 1,962,666

17. Eleftherotypia (Greece) 1,858,316

18. Xin Min Wan Bao (China) 1,750,000

19. Wall Street Journal (U.S.) 1,740,450

20. Yangcheng Wanbao China 1,730,000

21. Kerala Kaumudi (India) 1,720,000

22. Wen Hui Bao Daily (China 1,700,000

23. USA Today (United States) 1,653,428

24. Joong-Ang Ilbo (S. Korea) 1,550,000

25. Economic Daily (China) 1,500,000

26. Rodong Sinmun (N. Korea) 1,500,000

27. Kyung-Hyang Daily News 1,478,537

28. Sports Nippon (Japan) 1,452,699

29. Shizuoka Shimbun (Japan)) 1,442,310

30. Sankei Sports (Japan) 1,367,734

31. Deutche Allgemeine Germ 1,313,400

32. United Daily News (Taiwan ) 1,300,000

33. China Times (Taiwan) 1,270,000

34. O Estado de Sao Paulo Brazil) 1,230,160

35. Jang Daily (Pakistan) 1,200,000

36. Jang Lahore (Pakistan) 1,200,000

37. Akhbar El Yom/Al Akhbar (Egypt) 1,159,339

38. Hankook Ilbo (South Korea) 1,156,000

39. Hochi Shimbun (Japan) 1,119,031

40. Daily Express (England) 1,118,981

41. Los Angeles Times (U.S.) 1,067,540

42. New York Times (U>S) 1,066,540

43. Tokyo Shimbun (Japan 1,062,080

44. Daily Telegraph (England) 1,047,861

45. Nishinippon Shimbun Japan 1,041,104

46. Jiefang Ribao (China) 1,000,000

47. Nanfang Ribao (China) 1,000,000

48. Nongmin Ribao (China) 1,000,000

49. Zhongguo Qingnian Ribao (China) 1,000,000

50. Nikkan Sports (Japan) 984,058

51. Al Akhbar (Egypt) 980,000

52. Guangming Ribao (China) 950,000

53. Al Ahram (Egypt) 900,000

54. Al Goumhouriya (Egypt) 900,000

55. Seoul Shinmun (S. Korea) 900,000

56. Xin Hua Ribao (China) 900,000

57. Verdens Gang (Norway) 870,267

58. Corriere della Sera (Italy) 868,266

59. Kyoto Shimbun (Japan) 839,499

60. Chugoku Shimbun (Japan) 820,000

61 Kobe Shimbun Japan 820,000

62. Times of India (India) 813,000

63. Kobe Shimbun (Japan) 810,353

64. Beijing Wanbao (China) 800,000

65. Hubei Ribao (China) 800,000

66. Jiefangjun Ribao (China) 800,000

67. Trybuna Slaska (Poland) 800,000

68. La Gazzetta dello Sport Italy 798,243

69. Ouest-France (France) 790,133

70. Holos Ukrainy (Ukraine) 768,000

71. The Times (England) 766,999

72. ABC (Spain) 765,668

73. Washington Post (U.SSS>) 759,122

74. La Repubblica (Italy) 754,930

75. De Telegraf (Netherlands) 751,400

76. Gazeta Wyborcza (Poland) 750,000

77. Zero Hora (Brazil) 727,188

78. Diario dos Campos (Brazil) 725,000

79. New York Daily News (U.S.) 723,143

80. Sabah (Turkey) 722,950

81. Jornal da Tarde (Brazil) 709,793

82. Beijing Ribao (China) 700,000

83. Chongqing Ribao (China) 700,000

84. Clarin (Argentina) 700,000

85. Thai Rath (Thailand 700,000

86. Zhejiang Ribao (China) 700,000

87. Diario Insular (Portugal) 684,143

88. Granma Internacional (Cuba) 675,000

89. Chicago Tribune (U.S>) 673,508

90. Daily Record (Scotland) 671,267

91. China Daily News (Taiwan) 670,000

92. The Daily Star (England) 650,406

93. Guangxi Ribao (China) 650,000

94. Malayala Manorama (India) 630,068

95. La Nacion (Argentina) 630,000

96. Hurriyet (Turkey) 615,579

97. Herald Sun (Australia) 600,000

98. Hurriyet (Pakistan) 600,000

99. Liaoning Ribao (China) 600,000

100. Oriental Daily News (Hong Kong) 600,000

<

> 100 LARGEST NEWSPAPERS IN U.S.

Rank Circulation

1. USA Today (Arlington, Va.) 2,154,539

2. Wall Street Journal (NY N.Y.) 2,091,062

3. Times (New York, N.Y.) 1,118,565

4. Times (Los Angeles) 914,584

5. Post (Washington, DC) 732,872

6. Daily News (New York, N.Y.) 729,124

7. Tribune (Chicago) 680,879

8. Post (New York, N.Y.) 652,426

9. Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.) 580,069

10. Chronicle (Houston) 553,018

11. Chronicle (San Francisco) 512,640

12. Morning News (Dallas) 510,133

13. Sun-Times (Chicago) 481,798

14 Globe (Boston) 450,538

15. Arizona Republic (Phoenix) 432,284

16. Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.) 408,672

17. Star Tribune (Minneapolis) 380,354

18. Inquirer (Philadelphia) 376,493

19. Journal-Constitution (Atlanta) 371,853

20. Plain Dealer (Cleveland) 365,288

21. Free Press (Detroit) 352,714

22. Oregonian (Portland) 342,789

23. Times (St. Petersburg, Fla.) 334,742

24. Union-Tribune (San Diego) 328,531

25. Herald (Miami) 315,850

26. Register Orange County CA 302,864

27. Sun (Baltimore) 301,186

28. Bee (Sacramento, Calif.) 289,905

29. Post (Denver) 288,937

30. Rocky Mtn. News Denver 288,889

31. Post-Dispatch (St. Louis) 285,869

32. Mercury News San Jose CA 271,997

33. Star (Kansas City, Mo.) 267,273

34. Sentinel (Orlando, Fla.) 257,222

35. Times-Picayune N Orleans 253,610

36. Dispatch (Columbus, Ohio) 252,564

37. Star (Indianapolis) 249,891

38. Journal Sentinel Milwaukee 244,288

39. Post-Gazette Pittsburgh Pa 242,546

40. Herald (Boston) 241,457

41. Sun-Sentinel (Ft L'dale, Fla ) 233,634

42. Times (Seattle) 231,505

43. News (Detroit) 227,392

44. Observer (Charlotte, N.C.) 226,849

45. Tribune (Tampa, Fla.) 224,220

46. Express-News S Antonio Tx 222,536

47. Investor's Business Daily LA 215,788

48. Star-Telegram Ft Worth, TX) 215,452

49. Courier-Journal L'ville Ky 213,176

50. News (Buffalo, N.Y.) 207,989

51. Daily Oklahoman Okla City 207,538

52. Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Va.) 201,141

53. World-Herald Omaha Neb. 192,075

54. Pioneer Press(St Pau, Minn 190,392

55. Times-Dispatch Richmond 188,540

56. Courant (Hartford, Conn.) 185,570

57. Press-Enterprise R'side CA 183,974

58. Democrat-Gazette (L'l Rock 183,343

59. American-Statesman Austin 183,312

60. Contra Costa Times (Calif.) 182,541

61. Enquirer (Cincinnati) 182,176

62. Record (Bergen County, N.J.) 179,270

63. Daily News (Los Angeles) 178,360

64. Democrat (Rochester, N.Y.) 173,900

65. Tennessean (Nashville) 172,149

66. Post (W. Palm Beach, Fla.) 168,147

67. Times-Union(Jacksonville Fla 167,851

68. Journal (Providence, R.I.) 167,609

69. Asbury Park Press (N.J.) 167,284

70. News & Observer Raleigh NC 163,769

71. Review-Journal (Las Vegas) 160,391

72. Bee (Fresno, Calif.) 158,651

73. Commercial Appeal Memphis 157,820

74. Register (Des Moines, Iowa) 150,851

75. Post-Intelligencer (Seattle) 150,851

76. Daily Herald (Chicago) 150,364

77. News (Birmingham, Ala.) 148,938

78. Daily News (Philadelphia) 143,631

79. Journal News Westchester NY) 142,873

80. Advertiser (Honolulu) 142,025

81. Blade (Toledo, Ohio) 139,520

82. World (Tulsa, Okla.) 139,383

83. Press (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 138,620

84. Tribune (Salt Lake City) 134,985

85. Beacon Journal (Akron, Ohio 128,511

86. News Tribune Tacoma Wash .128,511

87. Daily News (Dayton, Ohio) 126,642

88. La Opinion Los Angeles Calif 124,692

89. Post-Standard Syracuse, N.Y. 120,701

90. Tribune-Review (Greensburg Pa) 119,646

91. News Journal (Wilmington, Del. ) 116,398

92. News-Sentinel (Knoxville, Tenn.) 114,593

93. State (Columbia, S.C.) 114,442

94. Morning Call (Allentown, Pa.) 111,594

95. Journal (Albuquerque) 109,693

96. Herald-Leader (Lexington, Ky.) 106,941

97. Herald-Tribune (Sarasota, Fla.) 105,636

98. News-Journal (Daytona Fla.) 104,654

99. Telegram (Worcester MA) 102,592

100. Times (Washington, DC) 102,255

<

SCIENCE JOURNALISM

US:

American Medical Writers Association

District of Columbia Science Writers Association

Board of Editors in the Life Sciences

National Association of Science Writers

New England Science Writers

Northern California Science Writers' Association

Society of Environmental Journalists

Eureka's List of Groups

Europe:

Association of British Science Writers

European Union of Science Journalists' Associations

Science Writers Association

Canada:

Canadian Science Writers' Association

SCIENCE MAGAZINES

ScienceMagazine

Science Now

Nature Magazine

New Scientist

Lancet

List of Peer Reviewed Journals

> SCIENCE TV AND RADIO

Canada

Quirks and Quarks (CBC - Canada)

CBC Television's The Nature of Things

The Discovery Channel (Canada)

D