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Image Reveals More Than a Thousand Black Holes
NewsMax.com Wires Tuesday, March 13, 2007
By casting a wide net, astronomers have captured an image of more than a
thousand supermassive black holes. These results give astronomers a snapshot
of a crucial period when these monster black holes are growing, and provide
insight into the environments in which they occur.
The new black hole panorama was made with data from NASA's Chandra X-ray
Observatory, the Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based optical
telescopes. The black holes in the image are hundreds of millions to several
billion times more massive than the sun and lie in the centers of galaxies.
Material falling into these black holes at high rates generates huge amounts
of light that can be detected in different wavelengths. These systems are
known as active galactic nuclei, or AGN.
"We're trying to get a complete census across the Universe of black holes
and their habits," said Ryan Hickox of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Mass. "We used special tactics to hunt down
the very biggest black holes."
Instead of staring at one relatively small part of the sky for a long time,
as with the Chandra Deep Fields - two of the longest exposures obtained with
the observatory - and other concentrated surveys, this team scanned a much
bigger portion with shorter exposures. Since the biggest black holes power
the brightest AGN, they can be spotted at vast distances, even with short
exposures.
"With this approach, we found well over a thousand of these monsters, and
have started using them to test our understanding of these powerful
objects," said co-investigator Christine Jones, also of the CfA.
The new survey raises doubts about a popular current model in which a
supermassive black hole is surrounded by a doughnut-shaped region, or torus,
of gas. An observer from Earth would have their view blocked by this torus
by different amounts, depending on the orientation of the torus.
According to this model, astronomers would expect a large sample of black
holes to show a range of absorption of the radiation from the nuclei. This
absorption should range from completely exposed to completely obscured, with
most in-between. Nuclei that are completely obscured are not detectable, but
heavily obscured ones are.
"Instead of finding a whole range, we found nearly all of the black holes
are either naked or covered by a dense veil of gas," said Hickox. "Very few
are in between, which makes us question how well we know the environment
around these black holes."
This study found more than 600 obscured and 700 unobscured AGN, located
between about six to 11 billion light years from Earth. They were found
using an early application of a new search method. By looking at the
infrared colors of objects with Spitzer, AGN can be separated from stars and
galaxies. The Chandra and optical observations then verify these objects are
AGN. This multi-wavelength method is especially efficient at finding
obscured AGN.
"These results are very exciting, using two NASA Great Observatories to find
and understand the largest sample of supermassive black holes ever found in
the distant universe", said co-investigator Daniel Stern, of NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
The Chandra image is the largest contiguous field ever obtained by the
observatory. At 9.3 square degrees, it is over 40 times larger than the full
moon seen on the night sky and over 80 times larger than either of the
Chandra Deep Fields. This survey, taken in a region of the Bootes
constellation, involved 126 separate pointings of 5,000-second Chandra
exposures each. The researchers combined this with data obtained from
Spitzer, and Kitt Peak's 4-meter Mayall and the MMT 6.5-meter optical
telescopes, both located outside Tuscon, Ariz., from the same patch of sky.
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra
program for the agency's Science Mission Directorate. The Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the
Chandra X-ray Center, Cambridge, Mass.
Additional information and images are available at:
http://chandra.harvard.edu and http://chandra.nasa.gov
Image Reveals More Than a Thousand Black Holes
NewsMax.com Wires Tuesday, March 13, 2007
By casting a wide net, astronomers have captured an image of more than a
thousand supermassive black holes. These results give astronomers a snapshot
of a crucial period when these monster black holes are growing, and provide
insight into the environments in which they occur.
The new black hole panorama was made with data from NASA's Chandra X-ray
Observatory, the Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based optical
telescopes. The black holes in the image are hundreds of millions to several
billion times more massive than the sun and lie in the centers of galaxies.
Material falling into these black holes at high rates generates huge amounts
of light that can be detected in different wavelengths. These systems are
known as active galactic nuclei, or AGN.
"We're trying to get a complete census across the Universe of black holes
and their habits," said Ryan Hickox of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Mass. "We used special tactics to hunt down
the very biggest black holes."
Instead of staring at one relatively small part of the sky for a long time,
as with the Chandra Deep Fields - two of the longest exposures obtained with
the observatory - and other concentrated surveys, this team scanned a much
bigger portion with shorter exposures. Since the biggest black holes power
the brightest AGN, they can be spotted at vast distances, even with short
exposures.
"With this approach, we found well over a thousand of these monsters, and
have started using them to test our understanding of these powerful
objects," said co-investigator Christine Jones, also of the CfA.
The new survey raises doubts about a popular current model in which a
supermassive black hole is surrounded by a doughnut-shaped region, or torus,
of gas. An observer from Earth would have their view blocked by this torus
by different amounts, depending on the orientation of the torus.
According to this model, astronomers would expect a large sample of black
holes to show a range of absorption of the radiation from the nuclei. This
absorption should range from completely exposed to completely obscured, with
most in-between. Nuclei that are completely obscured are not detectable, but
heavily obscured ones are.
"Instead of finding a whole range, we found nearly all of the black holes
are either naked or covered by a dense veil of gas," said Hickox. "Very few
are in between, which makes us question how well we know the environment
around these black holes."
This study found more than 600 obscured and 700 unobscured AGN, located
between about six to 11 billion light years from Earth. They were found
using an early application of a new search method. By looking at the
infrared colors of objects with Spitzer, AGN can be separated from stars and
galaxies. The Chandra and optical observations then verify these objects are
AGN. This multi-wavelength method is especially efficient at finding
obscured AGN.
"These results are very exciting, using two NASA Great Observatories to find
and understand the largest sample of supermassive black holes ever found in
the distant universe", said co-investigator Daniel Stern, of NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
The Chandra image is the largest contiguous field ever obtained by the
observatory. At 9.3 square degrees, it is over 40 times larger than the full
moon seen on the night sky and over 80 times larger than either of the
Chandra Deep Fields. This survey, taken in a region of the Bootes
constellation, involved 126 separate pointings of 5,000-second Chandra
exposures each. The researchers combined this with data obtained from
Spitzer, and Kitt Peak's 4-meter Mayall and the MMT 6.5-meter optical
telescopes, both located outside Tuscon, Ariz., from the same patch of sky.
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra
program for the agency's Science Mission Directorate. The Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the
Chandra X-ray Center, Cambridge, Mass.
Additional information and images are available at:
http://chandra.harvard.edu and http://chandra.nasa.gov
